Current Insights and Future Directions Lecture by our Board of Directors Member Prof. Amit Shrira (Professor and Clinical Psychologist at the Bar-Ilan University) The multigenerational manifestations of Holocaust effects have been investigated in hundreds of studies across six decades. Nevertheless, until today these manifestations remained a phenomenon in dispute. Some scholars propose that suffering related to ancestral trauma lingers across generations born after the Holocaust, while others maintain that signs of the Holocaust trauma are negligible or virtually non-existent in descendants of survivors. In view of the conflicting literature, the first part of the talk will include a brief integrative overview of the evidence regarding the effects of the Holocaust in descendants of survivors distilling the major insights derived from existing literature. Amit Shrira will highlight the dialectical condition of survivors and their descendants, in which vulnerability and resilience are interwoven. Thus, although most survivors and their descendants exhibit relatively normal functioning, vulnerability may also appear in certain families due to various factors and under specific situations. In the second part of the talk Amit Shrira will review several directions in which future research develops, mainly late-life issues in Holocaust survivor families, the search for potential biomarkers of Holocaust effects, and the increased focus on grandchildren and grand-grandchildren of survivors (the 3rd and 4th generations).