The plan includes a goal of operating bases at net-zero emissions by 2046 while also moving toward “sustainable aviation fuel blends.”

U.S. Air Force and Space Force officials released a climate action plan Wednesday that includes a goal of operating bases at net-zero emissions by 2046, an ambitious effort to rein in the sizable carbon footprint of the U.S. military’s air wing.

The plan, the first from the branches, also takes into account how the Air Force will need to adapt its operations to changing climate conditions, most notably within the infrastructure of its bases and where its energy comes from.

“Extreme weather and environmental conditions are already imposing high costs on Department of the Air Force installations and operational missions, while simultaneously posing new risks to our ability to train and operate effectively,” Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall said in the plan.

He recognized the Air Force as the largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the Defense Department. The overall carbon footprint of the U.S. military rivals that of some countries such as Denmark and Portugal, according to research from Boston University. Those gases are what drive global warming and contribute to the worsening effects of climate change, such as extreme weather events.

In order to maintain air and space power, the plan looks to use targeted investments to modernize the infrastructure of its bases around the world, starting with $36 million in the next year, with an increase to $100 million per year by the end of 2026. The Department of the Air Force requested a budget of approximately $194 billion for the next fiscal year.

The plan  released Wednesday is the first of its kind in Air Force history and joins a growing list of acknowledgments from U.S. armed forces that they will have to make changes as climate change intensifies. The Army announced its official climate strategy in February, and the Pentagon said this week that the effects of extreme weather exacerbated by climate change have already had profound impacts on the Defense Department.

The Air Force plan sets goals under the priorities of maintaining air and space dominance in the face of climate risks, making climate-informed decisions and optimizing its energy use while it pursues alternative energy sources.

​​Ed Oshiba, the acting assistant secretary of the Air Force for energy, installations and environment, told NBC News that climate change is increasing the complexity of the Air Force’s mission.

“We recognize the need to adapt to these effects of climate change, and to preserve our dominance in air and space, which is what our nation needs us to do,” he said.

Some of that work has already begun. The Air Force has already broken ground on a rebuild of Tyndall Air Force Base on the coast of Florida that will be resilient to future storms and is set to cost around $5 billion when completed. By the end of 2024, leaders at every Air Force base must have the framework in place to assess each base’s climate challenges. The goal is to have resilience and renewable energy projects at the ready as more funding becomes available year over year.

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The plan also aims to include, within the next two years, climate considerations into the way it educates and trains Air Force and Space Force personnel.

“I want them to get to a place where, as they make decisions, even at the tactical level down at the base, they make those decisions based upon what risks and effects climate change can have on the ability of them doing their job every day,” Oshiba said.

The most ambitious goal in the plan is to shift the department away from its reliance on fossil fuels as both aviation fuel and as an energy source, something crucial for meeting the lofty net-zero emission goals.

“While the department cannot singularly reverse the causes of climate change, we can reduce our energy footprint and increase demand for zero-carbon-based energy sources,” the Air Force plan reads.  “We must both reduce our energy consumption and move toward carbon pollution-free energy sources.”

By the end of 2025, the Air Force hopes to have two of its operational bases using at least 10%  of “sustainable aviation fuel blends,” but only if it is the same or less cost than traditional aviation fuel.

“Right now, we think it’s a realistic goal,” Oshiba said, “We don’t want to necessarily overcommit ourselves.”

“We want to use this opportunity to send a signal to the industry and then work with them to see how we can get to a place where sustainable aviation fuel makes sense at the right price point into the future.”

The Air Force will also complete a pilot by the end of 2027 using microreactors, or small nuclear devices, that can provide energy for an entire base.

“I think Russia’s invasion of Ukraine kind of showed us just how fragile our energy supply chain can be, and the impact it can have,” Oshiba said. “It underscores the need and the impetus to move forward as fast as we can on finding alternative energy sources.”

The Air Force’s goal is to invest in renewable energy technology development, like the microreactors, as well as rely on local renewable energy sources to use 100% carbon-free electricity on a net annual basis by the end of 2029.

“Some may criticize us for why we were the last of the services or departments to put out an action plan,” Oshiba said, “but part of that was to be very comfortable with committing ourselves to these key results that we put in the plan.”