After three crewmen were swallowed up by the Pacific at the end of World War II, a modern-day rescue effort went to find them
Ari Daniel – Host, “There’s More to That”May 29, 2025
There’s More to That
A Smithsonian magazine special report
In the fall of 1944, Japanese fighters opened fire on a wave of U.S. planes near Palau, including a bomber carrying pilot Jay Ross Manown Jr., gunner Anthony Di Petta and navigator Wilbur Mitts. Their aircraft crashed into the sea, and the three men were “presumed dead.” They were assigned by the Navy, like so many others, to a purgatorial category—not likely to be alive, but not declared dead, either.
Decades later, a group known as Project Recover worked relentlessly to track down the wreckage and then exhume the bones whose DNA could be tested. They ultimately identified the remains of all three crewmembers, allowing them to be laid to rest and giving a sense of closure to their families.
Host Ari Daniel speaks with Stephen Mihm, who wrote about this effort for Smithsonian magazine. And he interviews Rebecca Sheets, Manown’s niece, about what her uncle’s recovery meant for her and her family.
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Ari Daniel: On the morning of September 10, 1944, the naval crew aboard the USS Enterprise found themselves in the South Pacific off the coast of the island of Palau.
Stephen Mihm: So, imagine if you’re on one of these aircraft carriers, you’re getting up at 4 in the morning, it’s completely pitch-black, and the first squadrons take off actually before it’s even light out.
Daniel: This is Stephen Mihm. He’s a historian at the University of Georgia.
Mihm: The pilots and the crews are getting up, they’re having breakfast, probably bacon and eggs. And you’re in the tropics. It’s hot and it’s humid, but it’s a beautiful part of the world.
Daniel: Where were we in the chronology of World War II at that point?
Mihm: 1944 finds the United States mired in a brutal series of campaigns of island hopping. The game plan had been for the United States to begin recapturing islands that would serve as bases that would slowly roll back the Japanese Empire and ultimately lead, presumably, to an invasion of Japan itself. On that particular morning, there was a plan already in place to invade the island of Peleliu. And that would become known as the Battle of Peleliu, ultimately. It would become one of the most grueling and frankly gruesome battles of World War II for the Americans. It would become the place where the Japanese actually began to introduce a strategy to fight invaders of these islands in a fight to the death where there was a desire to impose as many casualties on the Americans as possible.
Daniel: But the crew of the Enterprise knew none of that as they ate their breakfasts and got ready to board their bomber planes.
Mihm: Bombers, primarily something known as Grumman Avengers, which are these lumbering beasts of planes that were the largest single-engine aircraft flown by any side in World War II. And the pilots used to joke that they would fall faster than they could fly because they were so ungainly, but they had an enormous payload capacity. They could carry a 2,000-pound torpedo, which could do …
Daniel: Wow.
Mihm: … enormous damage. A single torpedo like that could sink a Japanese aircraft carrier and, in fact, did in previous sea battles. So these were very lethal weapons but actually, at the same time, very vulnerable because they weren’t as fast and as maneuverable as, say, a fighter plane.
Daniel: That morning, on one of these Avenger planes, three men boarded.
Mihm: Anthony Di Petta, who was the son of a Sicilian immigrant from Italy, from New Jersey. Grown up in fairly difficult circumstances—I wouldn’t say poverty, but pretty close to it. You had Wilbur Mitts, who was someone whose family had, during the Great Depression, moved to California. Kind of a classic tale of moving to a better place and had been a Golden Gloves boxer, very interesting guy, lived near Monterey, California.
And then piloting this Avenger was Jay Ross Manown, who was the scion of a fairly prominent local family in the Shenandoah Valley region of West Virginia, who had been a pilot before World War II. And when war broke out and Pearl Harbor was attacked, he was immediately thrown into combat. Manown, in particular, had flown many missions. This is not someone who was remotely inexperienced. And he had participated in some of the major battles of World War II already. Manown was in charge of that particular contingent of planes. In other words, his plane was the lead plane. It was a conventional takeoff, and the weather was good.
They were headed for Malakal Harbor, which is a small harbor where the Allies, the Americans, knew that the Japanese had significant anti-aircraft emplacements and that there was a freighter—Japanese freighter—parked in the harbor bristling with guns that they wanted to bomb. They wanted to take that out. That was their mission that morning.
The contingent of planes flew and eventually began heading in over Malakal Harbor, where Manown spotted the freighter that was the target. And he and other planes peeled off from the larger contingent to bank down. And as he was piloting, coming down, Japanese anti-aircraft fire erupted, and the other surviving planes noticed that there was an explosion on Manown’s plane, that a piece of the rudder went flying off, and the plane immediately started to make an uncontrolled descent, spinning violently. No parachutes, and probably hit the water in the harbor about eight to nine seconds later. So there would have been almost no time for the pilot or his crew to survive and to escape. So the plane was spewing wreckage and went straight down, several hundred miles an hour when it hit the water, and it vanished, swallowed by the sea.
Daniel: Along with its crew.
Mihm: Correct.
Daniel: And there the plane and its crew sat on the bottom of the ocean floor for decades. Until a group of extreme divers took on the challenge of trying to recover the wreckage and the remains.
From Smithsonian magazine and PRX Productions, this is “There’s More to That,” the show that dives deep to bring you remarkable tales of discovery. I’m Ari Daniel. In this episode, Project Recover brings home those once lost but never forgotten. Stay tuned.
Mihm: After the war, the United States government, the military, sent groups of mortuary units basically to come and reclaim anyone who had died and to find people who went missing. And it was at that time, by 1947, that they concluded that Manown and his crew were MIA, missing in action, and they were declared unrecoverable. In other words, there would be no finding the bodies. When the government declared them unrecoverable, in theory the story should have been over, but for the family members of these crew members, there was always a hope that one day these individuals could be found and brought back.
Daniel: Let’s fast-forward the tape a bit to the early 1990s, when a biotech entrepreneur named Patrick Scannon found himself on vacation in Palau.
Mihm: Towed along somewhat reluctantly by his scuba-diving wife, because Palau is considered one of the greatest places in the world to scuba dive.
Daniel: Stephen Mihm wrote about Scannon and the project he founded for Smithsonian magazine last year.
Mihm: It also, not surprisingly, has many Japanese wrecks that people like to dive on. And if you go to the island today, the wreckage is everywhere. There are burned-out tanks, anti-aircraft emplacements. You name it, it’s there.
Daniel: Amazing.
Mihm: They were going by, and someone pointed out a wing of an American bomber, and he had this kind of, “Wait a second, the Americans are here, too?” And asked, “Where’s the crew?” And they’re like, “Well, who knows? They’re somewhere in the water.” And it was at that moment he had this kind of, “Wait a second, there are people dead, buried here that no one has brought home?”
Daniel: Back in California, Scannon began dedicating most of his spare time to search for the remains of airmen who’d gone missing in action some 80 years earlier.
Mihm: He zeroed in on planes, because one thing about finding MIAs is that it’s easiest to find them on a plane because if you find a plane crash, there’s a very good chance the body is there.
Daniel: The plane sort of entombs its crew.
Mihm: Exactly. And if you know which plane it is, you know who you’re dealing with and how many people. And so there’s many ways that it narrows the search.
He had been a doctor originally, so he was very good at taking case histories. And he began crafting these very elaborate case histories of, say, a missing plane. So he started coming back with a small group of friends to Palau, seeing if they could find these planes, and they found local guides. They would ask them, like, “Do you know if there’s wreckage of a plane here?”
And someone would be like, “Oh, yeah, I hunt there. There’s a Mustang that went down there, it’s sitting in the jungle.” And he suddenly realized there were 200 American aircraft scattered all around this island or in the waters around it.
Daniel: Wow. So Scannon knew about the planes. Now he needed a thrill-seeking team to help him find them.
Mihm: He was into skydiving at the time. And he was hanging out with these professional skydivers, so these are people who are kind of … if you want to look at a psychological profile, these were people who loved to jump out of a plane at 30,000 feet, base jumping. These were people who had a high tolerance for risk and adventure. And they also had an interest in aviation. And when they heard what he was doing, they were like, “We’ll come along.” And so it was a meeting of the minds of shared interests, and they founded this group. And this became a nonprofit that started funneling these case reports to the government, because the government actually had an agency, and still does, dedicated to bringing people home who are MIAs.
Daniel: Scannon’s nonprofit would later call itself Project Recover.
Mihm: And so Pat and his merry band of—
Daniel: Risk-tolerant, adrenaline—
Mihm: Adrenaline junkies—
Daniel: Junkies, yeah.
Mihm: Were sending these really detailed treasure maps basically back to the government saying, “Here, we found another one. Another one underwater, another one on the land.”
Daniel: Incredible.
Mihm: And so the government started sending recovery teams to Palau and beginning to excavate. So Pat Scannon and Project Recover knew through research that Jay Manown’s plane was one of those lost. The plane was somewhere in the harbor. They scuba dived looking for the plane; they couldn’t find it. The visibility was terrible.
Daniel: It must be super challenging. Big plane, but when you’re scanning across a huge swath of the Pacific …
Mihm: It’s extremely difficult. It is a classic needle in a haystack. You’re at depths well below 100 feet. This isn’t something where you just kind of snorkel and find. It’s very difficult.
Daniel: Scannon’s first big break came in the form of an amateur scuba diver in Palau, who claimed to have seen a piece of a plane in the lagoon up above the harbor where Manown’s Avenger went down.
Mihm: It wasn’t a big chunk of plane, but it was something. What it showed them, though, that if this had been Manown’s Avenger that it was already disintegrating and coming apart at that stage. So they started fanning out in the neighboring hills over the harbor, and they began to find more pieces of the plane. Small pieces, and these were clearly pieces of an Avenger. They just didn’t know who, but it looked increasingly like it was Jay Manown’s. And if you started to line up those pieces, because the plane was disintegrating at mile high, they realized they had a flight path of how it was going down.
Daniel: They could figure out its trajectory based on the debris path.
Mihm: Exactly. So they started scuba diving again.
Daniel: But they still couldn’t find anything. And then, another break while in Palau.
Mihm: They had met these two researchers, one from Scripps [Institution of Oceanography], one from University of Delaware, and these two guys were doing coral reef research, and they had these things that looked like torpedoes, yellow torpedoes. And they were talking to them, and they’re like, “Oh, these are drones. These are underwater autonomous vehicles, and we use these to get information.” And they said, “You know, we might be able to use those.” So they brought the drones to Malakal Harbor, and they started, if you can imagine these things, they’re five feet long and they have side sonar, so they’re scanning the seabed.
Daniel: Right.
Mihm: And they started running this drone like a lawn mower back and forth, back and forth—
Daniel: Amazing.
Mihm: Along the presumed flight path. And I believe it was March 2015 … The thing is, it’s deferred gratification, because you’re doing this and it’s not like you’ve got the drone and you’re looking at a real-time image.
Daniel: It’s not a real-time readout.
Mihm: No, no, it has to be beamed back to the University of Delaware. So this data is going halfway around the world back to the researcher. The researcher is pulling up the sonar scans. It was this morning, though, that morning’s sonar scans, they’re like, “Wait a second—that looks like a propeller.” And they sent divers down, and they had found Manown’s plane.
Daniel: Unbelievable.
Mihm: The plane had been effectively shattered into tens of thousands of pieces. Some parts, like the propeller, had remained intact because of the way they were built, but there was no plane. It was rather the wreckage or a debris field that was almost impossible to see and understand until you really started poking around what belonged to what.
Daniel: And you were actually aboard the barge off the coast of Palau as they were going about the recovery of the wreckage and the remains?
Mihm: Correct.
Daniel: So tell me, what was that like? What was the atmosphere like aboard the vessel?
Mihm: This is extremely dangerous work to do. So Project Recover contracts with divers, almost all of whom are ex-Navy divers—people who have, in some cases, been in combat situations. These are not scuba divers. These are people who can do all sorts of crazy things underwater. And so, when I was on the barge, these divers were there and were working on what’s known as surface supply air. So you know in the old-fashioned divers’ helmets?
Daniel: Yeah.
Mihm: Imagine a high-tech version of that, groups of them going down, working on this recovery.
Daniel: That just makes them more limber, so they don’t have that big tank on them.
Mihm: Exactly, exactly. And it can stay down longer. Of course they have to do decompression for a very long time.
Ari: Sure.
Mihm: It’s a very involved process, but the atmosphere on the barge is dominated in part by these divers, who are hilarious and profane and colorful characters, but also incredibly good at their jobs. It has a kind of quasi-military feel to it because of all the safety protocols, of all of the strict regimentation about how this happens and the precautions you take to ensure that, frankly, no one dies. Poking around tangled dangerous chunks of metal and bombs 120 feet underwater is not something you undertake lightly.
Daniel: Sure. So they start exhuming material. What was it that they brought up?
Mihm: The way this works is it looks like a gigantic hose where they vacuum up the seafloor. And simultaneously, anything larger, like pieces of metal, get put in a basket. If you’re on a barge, a recovery barge like this, you actually see all this happening in real time because all the divers have video cameras and audio on their equipment. So there are screens showing you what’s going on 120 feet below the surface. And so these guys are joking with each other or listening to heavy metal or whatever it is, whatever the playlist that is today. There’s typically a lead archeologist, in this case it was this woman, Svenja Weise, who’s German, works in Denmark. She’s a Project Recover team member. She’s the one kind of saying, “Stop, grab that thing.”
Daniel: Oh, directing them from the vessel.
Mihm: Yes, exactly. So there had been an area of the site that looked very likely to be the cockpit, what was left of it, and so the focus of the divers on this particular mission had been that area. And so they began bringing up baskets of material, and it increasingly became clear that we were getting warm. But up until that point, no remains had been found. Then there was a piece of metal that came up which there were some people who actually were in military aviation immediately recognized as a flak piece of body armor that would have been behind Jay Manown’s back. It was a steel plate, and the corner of it had been clearly blown off by an anti-aircraft round. So we think, we don’t know with 100 percent certainty, that he’s probably suffered a direct hit in the cockpit and was probably killed. In other words, that he was probably dead the moment the plane was hit. But that also meant that we were very close to where, presumably, his body was. And then the control stick came up.
Daniel: The pilot control stick.
Mihm: Yes.
Daniel: A quick content warning here. Things are about to get a bit descriptive. If you’d rather not hear some of these details, just advance the podcast by a minute or so.
Mihm: And then, and I remember it very, very distinctly, there was a cage on the seafloor filled with muck and shells and coral and all this stuff. And they brought it up, and we all rushed around and looked at it, and one of the team members, this guy Blake, reached in and pulled something out. And Svenja, who was the forensic anthropologist archaeologist, was like, “That’s a piece of tibia. That’s bone.”
We all took up stations in the screening area, where you dump these buckets of muck, and you start to look. And as we were doing that, more and more bone started showing up—
Daniel: Oh, wow.
Mihm: In the cages. And every site is different. Everyone’s death is different. In a case like this, it’s hard to imagine just how violent this crash must have been. But the evidence was translated into what we were finding. This was not a quiet death.
Daniel: Even though Project Recover strongly suspected these remains belonged to Manown based on how and where they found them, they needed definite confirmation. These fragments of bones were shipped to Hawaii, where the U.S. Department of Defense has a special unit known as the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency. The agency traces its origins to the aftermath of the Vietnam War, and its sole focus is finding and identifying missing service members.
Mihm: This is the most state-of-the-art skeletal forensic laboratory in the world. The largest. They have many people there with hyper-specialized areas of interest, expertise, people who only study teeth, people who only study certain kinds of skeletal remains. People had given cheek swabs who were descendants of Jay Manown, Anthony Di Petta and Wilbur Mitts, the three crew members. In some cases, people have given a cheek swab maybe ten years ago. They’ve forgotten about it, and the entire time the government has been working to find this person.
Daniel: Each of these people, of course, is connected to others they left behind, fellow service members, friends and family.
Rebecca Sheets: My name is Rebecca Sheets. I live in Roanoke, Virginia. I was born in 1947 and will be 78 years old in just another month or so. I was born after the loss of my uncle, so I know him through time spent with my grandmother, my family.
Daniel: Rebecca’s uncle was Jay Ross Manown. He was her mother’s brother, and even though they never got to meet, his personality and absence loomed large in her family.
Sheets: He was a remarkable young man. I learned of him through the photos on the wall and then the occasional stories that were told. During his youth, he lived in Kingwood, West Virginia, and went to high school there. He was well liked in the community; he was very outgoing and was in a lot of activities. Jay particularly played the coronet in the marching band. And upon graduation, he entered West Virginia University and he majored in mining engineering. He was an avid woodworker, and we still use several pieces in our home—just the history, knowing that he made them, is beautiful that the legacy survives. He was in the naval reserves in school, and after Pearl Harbor, he enlisted in active duty. He had been at active duty for a number of years, first in Alaska, then in the Pacific. And he’d come home on leave, and I have quite a few pictures of that time.
Regarding my grandmother, I was so close with her and I just am so aware that this was a devastating loss. And she turned gray really in a matter of months. And my mother was left as having two grieving parents, and that was very hard on her. So it was a great loss to the family.
The actual event of his loss was never really discussed, how it happened. I was only told his plane was lost in the Pacific. As you might expect, as a child, that part of the information was not shared. And I would imagine it was very painful to talk about it, and it was not discussed. So we tried to learn about him through things that he made, his activities. I always visited my grandmother often, and there was a third story to the house, and it was a museum. My brother and I used to go up there, and there was this trunk in the attic. And my grandmother told us that it had Jay’s uniform in it and his military sword. And we were told we could look at the sword, and she showed us the uniform, but we were not allowed to really disturb that.
Daniel: Rebecca says the bombing of Pearl Harbor motivated her uncle, Jay, to enlist.
Sheets: At the particular time in our history, there was a high amount of patriotism. My father was also a naval aviator and knew Jay Manown. I grew up with a lot of respect and appreciation for our freedoms.
Daniel: When I spoke with Rebecca, she brought along a photo album full of memorabilia.
Is there a photograph in particular that stands out to you that shows your uncle in the way that you think of him?
Sheets: The one most special to me is including my Uncle Jay Ross Manown, Lieutenant Jay Ross Manown, with his crew members, Antony Di Petta and Wilbur Mitts. There are three of them in front of the plane.
Daniel: What do you like about that photograph?
Sheets: This is the photograph that alerted me that the plane had been found and two of the members of the crew had their military services and they were still searching for my uncle. So this is the photograph that is most special.
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Daniel: The photograph was the one published in Smithsonian magazine alongside Stephen’s reporting. We have a link to it in our show notes if you’d like to see it yourself. Stephen’s article describes the successful identification of the other two crew members aboard Manown’s plane, Anthony Di Petta and Wilbur Mitts.
Sheets: Upon discovering this wonderful article by Dr. Stephen Mihm, I contacted the Navy that very Monday morning. I did the DNA test, sent it in, I had to wait. And that waiting part, after 80 years you’d think we could wait. You’re so excited to get the results. One month later, I receive a call from the Navy chief, and she informs me that I’m a DNA match.
Daniel: Meaning that the remains did indeed come from Lieutenant Jay Ross Manown.
Sheets: That was an exhilarating moment.
Daniel: Tell me about the moment you got that phone call saying that they had identified his remains. What did you think? What did you feel?
Sheets: To use the expression “it took my breath away” is pretty true. This whole experience has been a deep emotional one. Someone that has been a part of your life, who you knew through the shared memories, is coming home, and I knew what that would mean to my grandmother. I knew what that would mean to my mother and my grandfather, and it was such an overwhelming feeling of joy. We were calling all of our family and sharing this story. People we hadn’t talked to in years were calling. People I hadn’t met. The connections are so amazing. Two Navy chiefs visited my home, and I was joined by my brother. They presented the case of how the DNA is compared and matched, and that we will set up the military service.
Daniel: Can you tell me about the ceremony and how that unfolded?
Sheets: This was the end of September of 2024. The military service we decided to do in his hometown of Kingwood, West Virginia, where he grew up and where my grandparents are buried. We had the option of some other possibilities, Arlington of course, but I wanted to bring him home. I wanted to be with family and joined by the others that have remained in the community. And I’m so glad I did. I think it was the perfect opportunity. There was a flyover that was conducted after the ceremony in the parking lot where the three aircraft fly into view the jets. And there’s a breakaway, they call it the fly off, or the missing member disappears from the formation. That was a very beautiful thing to see. Project Recover had many representatives there, including the founder, Pat Scannon, who presented me with a flag that was flown in the island of Palau.
Daniel: Relatives of the other two service members who served aboard the Avenger with Jay Manown were also in attendance.
Sheets: One of the highlights of this ceremony was meeting the nieces of Anthony Di Petta and Wilbur Mitts. Diana Ward is the niece of Archie Mitts—he was called Archie. And Suzanne Nakamura was the niece of Anthony Di Petta, and she’s from New Jersey. This is rare that you get the whole crew brought home together. To stand with the nieces and join our crew members together was wonderful. Jay was the last service member to be identified and brought home. And I stood in my grandmother’s shoes when I did attend the service. I was representing my family, my mother, my grandmother, and I knew how much and how deeply grateful they would be for this outpouring of love and for this beautiful service. Finally, there is closure, because throughout all these years, there was never a ceremony. There was never a grave. And it was an open wound in some ways. There was a great deal of sorrow. But now this is a moment of joy to bring him home and to know how much love has gone into this.
Mihm: World War II is actually the place where most American MIAs were lost, upward of 80,000.
Daniel: Stephen Mihm, again.
Mihm: It really tells you something about the scale of the losses that the United States sustained in that conflict. It dwarfs all the other modern conflicts that the United States has been party to.
Daniel: So explain to me the importance of recovering the remains of U.S. troops 80 years after the end of World War II. Is it to provide families with a kind of closure? Does the military learn something about how the battle was fought?
Mihm: There are multiple motives. One of which is that the kind of creeds of each of the services emphasize that if you fall in the field of battle, the government will come for you. In other words: that they do not forget you. This is a delivery on a promise built in to the armed services that is somewhat unique to the United States. But there are other motives as well. And one of which is that the closure that it provides for families is hugely important, obviously. And it’s a closure that, as the Manown story attests, spans generations. I’ve seen this with all three of these crew members, actually, about how it affected the families.
I think, as a historian, this may not be the stated purpose, but in many ways, this is a way of keeping alive a memory of a conflict in a way that transcends History Channel-style military history where you’re all looking at black-and-white footage, and you’re like, “OK, that happened a long time ago.” And this is a way to re-engage with the past in a way that, I think, is constructive, perhaps. It’s maybe a ritual, a secular ritual, but it’s one that the United States practices, and I think it testifies to its fealty to its veterans in a way that affirms their importance, living or dead.
Daniel: Rebecca Sheets would agree with that idea. To her the special meaning was captured in a photograph taken of her the day of the memorial.
Sheets: At the conclusion of the service, we were seated at the cemetery, and I was presented the flag by Admiral [John] Robinson. And I was sitting right next to my grandmother’s stone, and I put my hand on her stone and I said, “He’s home.” And that was a photo that I think is one of my favorites of the service.
Daniel: And when you think about the future, what does it mean to you to have your uncle back with you in a way for you and for your family going forward?
Sheets: Well, as I have reminisced and reflected, I believe we have been given a gift that few others experience. I have seen a community come together. I have been rejoined with family that I had lost touch with, and we are planning a family reunion, hopefully this summer or early fall to get the family back together. So those that are living elsewhere can meet their cousins and can relearn their roots. I want to thank Project Recover. I want to thank the U.S. Navy. I want to thank the DPAA MIA Accounting Agency for making this possible. I just have such gratitude for all that have helped.
Daniel: Rebecca, thank you so much for your time. It was really nice to talk to you and to hear more about your uncle and this story. So thank you so much.
Sheets: I appreciate it so much.
Daniel: Bye.
Sheets: Bye-bye.
Daniel: To read Stephen Mihm’s reporting about Project Recover and to see photos of some of the people we talked about in this episode, visit SmithsonianMag.com. We’ll also put a link in our show notes.
“There’s More to That” is a production of Smithsonian magazine and PRX Productions. If you like the show, please consider leaving us a rating and review on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, the iHeartRadio app or wherever you get your podcasts. We’d really appreciate it.
From the magazine, our team is me, Debra Rosenberg and Brian Wolly. From PRX, our team is Jessica Miller, Genevieve Sponsler, Adriana Rozas Rivera, Sandra Lopez-Monsalve and Edwin Ochoa. The executive producer of PRX Productions is Jocelyn Gonzales.
Our episode artwork is by Emily Lankiewicz. Fact-checking by Stephanie Abramson. Our music is from APM Music. I’m Ari Daniel. Thanks for listening.
