Victims’ Rights and Reparative Justice

ICMGLT LIBRARY

Victims' Rights, Rights of Future Generations, and Reparative Justice

Selected Literature on the Rights of Victims under International Criminal Law, International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law

Rome Statute of the ICC

Article 68 – Protection of victims and witnesses and their participation in the proceedings

The Court shall take appropriate measures to protect the safety, physical and psychological well-being, dignity and privacy of victims and witnesses. In so doing, the Court shall have regard to all relevant factors, including age, gender as defined in article 7, paragraph 3, and health, and the nature of the crime, in particular, but not limited to, where the crime involves sexual or gender violence or violence against the children. The Prosecutor shall take such measures particularly during the investigation and prosecution of such crimes. These measures shall not be prejudicial to or inconsistent with the rights of the accused and a fair and impartial trial.
As an exception to the principle of public hearings provided for in article 67, the Chambers of the Court may, to protect victims and witnesses or an accused, conduct any part of the proceedings in camera or allow the presentation of evidence by electronic or other special means. In particular, such measures shall be implemented in the case of a victim of sexual violence or a child who is a victim or a witness, unless otherwise ordered by the Court, having regard to all the circumstances, particularly the views of the victim or witness.
Where the personal interests of the victims are affected, the Court shall permit their views and concerns to be presented and considered at stages of the proceedings determined to be appropriate by the Court and in a manner which is not prejudicial to or inconsistent with the rights of the accused and a fair and impartial trial. Such views and concerns may be presented by the legal representatives of the victims where the Court considers it appropriate, in accordance with the Rules of Procedure and Evidence.
The Victims and Witnesses Unit may advise the Prosecutor and the Court on appropriate protective measures, security arrangements, counselling and assistance as referred to in article 43, paragraph 6.
Where the disclosure of evidence or information pursuant to this Statute may lead to the grave endangerment of the security of a witness or his or her family, the Prosecutor may, for the purposes of any proceedings conducted prior to the commencement of the trial, withhold such evidence or information and instead submit a summary thereof. Such measures shall be exercised in manner which is not prejudicial to or inconsistent with the rights of the accused and a fair and impartial trial.
A State may make an application for necessary measures to be taken in respect of the protection of its servants or agents and the protection of confidential and sensitive information.

Literature:

Aldana-Pindell, R., ‘‘In Vindication of Justiciable Victims’ Rights to Truth and Justice for State-Sponsored Crimes’, (2002) 35 VandJTransnatL 1399;

Ambos, K., ‘The First Judgment of the International Criminal Court (Prosecutor v. Lubanga): A Comprehensive Analysis of the Legal Issues’, (2012) 12;

Assembly, U. G. (2007). United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples. UN Wash, 12, 1-18.

Bassiouni, M.C.,The right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms – Final report of the Special Rapporteur, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2000/62;

Bedont, B., ‘Gender-Specific Provisions in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court’, in: Lattanzi and Schabas, Essays I (1999) 179;

Bonacker, T. and Safferling, C. (eds.), ‘Victims of International Crimes: An Interdisciplinary Discourse’ (Asser Press/Springer, 2013);

van Boven, T., Study Concerning the Right to Restitution, Compensation and Rehabilitation for Victims of Gross Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, UN Doc. E/CN.4/SUB.2/1993/8; id., The Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to Reparation for Victims of [gross] Violations of Human Rights and IHL, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1997/104;

de Brouwer, A.-M., Heikkilä, M., ‘Victim Issues: Participation, Protection, Reparation, and Assistance’, in Sluiter et al., International Criminal Procedure (2013) 1392;

Burnham, M., ‘Fragmentation in ICL and the Rights of Victims’, in van den Herik, L. and Stahn, C., The Diversification and Fragmentation of ICL (2012), 657;

Ciorciari, J. D., & Heindel, A. (2016). Victim testimony in international and hybrid criminal courts: Narrative opportunities, challenges, and fair trial demands. Va. J. Int’l L., 56, 265.

Clark, R.S., ‘The 1985 UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power’, in: G. Alfredsson and P. Macalister-Smith (eds.), The Living Law of Nations (N.P. Engel 1996) 355;

Cohen, M., ‘Victims’ Participation Rights within the ICC: A Critical Overview’, (2009) 27/3 DenverJIL&Pol 351;

Donat-Cattin, D., ‘The Role of Victims in ICC Proceedings’, in: Lattanzi and Schabas, Essays on the Rome Statute of the ICC, vol. I (1999) 251; id., ‘Victims’ Rights in the International Criminal Court’, in: M.

Natarajan (ed.), International Crime and Justice (CUP 2011) 373;

Donat Cattin, D., Article 68, in Kai Ambos (ed.,) Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Article-by-Article Commentary (4th ed. 2021) 2001

FIDH, Enhancing Victims’ Rights before the ICC (Paris 2013);

Friman H., ‘Victims’, in Cryer et al., International Criminal Law (2014) 485;

de Greiff, P. (2020). The future of the past: Reflections on the present state and prospects of transitional justice.

de Greiff, P. (2021). The Applicability of Transitional Justice in Pre-Conflict Contexts.

Horovitz, S., ‘The Role of Victims’, in Carter and Pocar, International Criminal Procedure (2013) 182;

Impunity Watch, Discussion Paper – Victims Participation in Transitional Justice Mechanisms: Real Power or Empty Ritual? (The Hague, April 2014);

Joinet, L., Question of the Impunity of Perpetrators of Human Rights Violations (Civil and Political), Final Report Pursuant to Sub-Commission Decision 1996/119, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/20;

Jones, J., The Practice of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda (Transnational Publishers, 1997);

Leider, J. (2020). The Chittagonians in Colonial Arakan: Seasonal and Settlement Migrations.

Lemkin, R., & Irvin-Erickson, D. (2014). Soviet genocide in the Ukraine. Kingston: Kashtan Press.

McDonald, A., ‘A right to truth, justice and a remedy for African victims of serious violations of international humanitarian law’, (1999) 3 Law, Democracy and Development 139, available at accessed 20 Dec. 2019;

McGonigle Leyh, B., Procedural Justice? Victim Participation in International Criminal Proceedings (Intersentia 2011);

Mueller, S. D., ‘Kenya and the ICC: politics, the election and the law’, (2014) 1 JEastAfrStud 25;

Orentlicher, D., Updated Set of principles for the protection and promotion of human rights through action to combat impunity, UN Docs. E/CN.4/2005/102 and E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1;

Pérez León Acevedo, J. P., Victims’ Status at International and Hybrid Criminal Court – Victims’ Status as Witnesses, Victim Participants/Civil Parties and Reparation Claimants (Åbo: Åbo Akadmi University Press, 2014);

Pitcher, C. F., & Browne, A. J. (2023). The potential influence of critical pedagogy on nursing praxis: Tools for disrupting stigma and discrimination within the profession. Nursing Inquiry, e12573-e12573.

UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Handbook on Justice for Victims on the Use and Application of the UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, UN Doc. E/CN.15/1998/CRP.4/Add.1.

Rome Statute of the ICC

Article 75, Reparations to victims

The Court shall establish principles relating to reparations to, or in respect of, victims, including restitution, compensation and rehabilitation. On this basis, in its decision the Court may, either upon request or on its own motion in exceptional circumstances, determine the scope and extent of any damage, loss and injury to, or in respect of, victims and will state the principles on which it is acting.
The Court may make an order directly against a convicted person specifying appropriate reparations to, or in respect of, victims, including restitution, compensation and rehabilitation.
Where appropriate, the Court may order that the award for reparations be made through the Trust Fund provided for in article 79.
Before making an order under this article, the Court may invite and shall take account of representations from or on behalf of the convicted person, victims, other interested persons or interested States.
In exercising its power under this article, the Court may, after a person is convicted of a crime within the jurisdiction of the Court, determine whether, in order to give effect to an order which it may make under this article, it is necessary to seek measures under article 93, paragraph 1.
A State Party shall give effect to a decision under this article as if the provisions of article 109 were applicable to this article.
Nothing in this article shall be interpreted as prejudicing the rights of victims under national or international law.

Reparations and TRHT Legislation in the 118th Congress

HOUSE

H.R.40 – Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act

H.Res.414 – Recognizing that the United States has a moral and legal obligation to provide reparations for the enslavement of Africans and its lasting harm on the lives of millions of Black people in the United States.

SENATE

S.40 – Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act

– https://groups.google.com/d/optout.

Literature:

Bickford, L.(2023). memria.org The Impact of Listening: The Example of Truth and Reconciliation Commissions

Butt, D. (2010). Compensation for Historic Injustice.

Chandhoke, N. (2015). Repairing Complex Historical Injustice. Economic and Political Weekly, 30-36.

Clark, R.S., ‘The 1985 United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power’, in:G. Alfredsson and P. Macalister-Smith (eds.), The Living Law of Nations(N.P. Engel 1996) 355;

Danieli, Y., ‘Justice and reparation: steps in the process of healing’, in C. Joyner (ed.), Reining in impunity for international crimes and serious violations of fundamental human rights: Proceedings of the Siracusa conference 17-21 September 1998. International Review of Penal Law, 14 (1998), pp. 303-312.

Danieli, Y., ‘Massive trauma and the healing role of reparative justice: an update’ in C. Ferstman & M. Goetz (eds.) Reparations for Victims of Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity and war crimes: Systems in place and systems in the making (Brill 2020) 38-85

Del Tufo, M., ‘La Riparazione alle Vittime e il Fondo di Garanzia’, in: G. Lattanzi and V. Monetti (eds.), La Corte Penale Internazionale: Organi-Competenza-Reati-Processo (Giuffrè 2006) 875;

Dreisen Heath discusses the ongoing legacy of enslavement in the US, why reparations require a multifaceted approach, the call for an executive order:

Donat Cattin, D., Article 68, in Kai Ambos (ed.,) Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Article-by-Article Commentary (4th ed. 2021) 2001

Donat Cattin, D., Article 75, in Kai Ambos (ed.,) Rome statute of the International Criminal Court Article-by-Article Commentary (4th ed. 2021) 2240

Dutton, A., & Ni Aolain, F. (2018). Between reparations and repair: Assessing the work of the ICC Trust Fund for victims under its assistance mandate. Chi. J. Int’l L., 19, 490.

Dwertmann, E., The Reparation System of the International Criminal Court – Its Implementation, Possibilities and Limitations (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010);

Eighty years on, Italian victims of Nazi crimes finally to get compensation

Eric J. Miller, a member of the legal team representing the three known remaining survivors of the Tulsa Race Massacre survivors and massacre descendants, discusses the history and significance of their reparations lawsuit:

Ferstman, C., & Goetz, M. (eds.), Reparations for victims of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity (Second revised edition, Brill Nijhoff, 2020);

FIDH, Enhancing Victims’ Rights before the International Criminal Court (Paris 2013);

Henzelin, M., Heiskanen, V. and Mettraux, G., ‘Reparations to Victims before the International Criminal Court: Lessons from International Mass Claims Processes’, (2006) 17 Criminal Law Forum 317

Garzón v Spain: UN report indicates complete failure of Spain to implement the UN Human Rights Committee’s decision

GUIDANCE NOTE OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL, Transitional Justice A Strategic Tool for People, Prevention and Peace

jubljana – The Hague Convention on International Cooperation in the Investigation and Prosecution of the Crime of Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity, War Crimes and other International Crimes (MLA Diplomatic Conference Ljubljana, Slovenia, 15 – 26 May 2023)

Kennedy, J. F. (June 10, 1963) “Address to the American University.” Speech, Washington DC. EBSCO History Reference Center.

McCarthy, C., Reparations and Victims Support in the International Criminal Court (Cambridge University Press, 2012);

Martinez Ventura, J.E., ‘Análisis del caso Lubanga. El Procedimiento de Reparaciones’, in Ambos, K., Malarino, E., and Steiner, C. (eds.), Análisis de la Primera Sentencia de la Corte Penal Internacional: El caso Lubanga (KAS, 2014) 343;

Mazrui, A. A. (1994). Global Africa: From abolitionists to reparationists. African Studies Review, 37(3), 1-18.

Muttukumaru, C., ‘Reparations to Victims: key issues facing the delegations’, in: F.Lattanzi and W. A. Schabas (eds.), Essays on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, I (Editoriale Scientifica1999);

Redress, Promoting the Right to Reparation of Survivors of Torture: What Role for a Permanent International Criminal Court? (London 1997);

Rolston, B., & Aoláin, F. N. (2018). Colonialism, Redress and Transitional Justice: Ireland and Beyond. State Crime Journal, 7(2), 329-348.

Van der Auweraert, P. (2012). The potential for redress: reparations and large-scale displacement. Transitional justice and displacement, 139.

Walker, M. U. (2016). Transformative reparations? A critical look at a current trend in thinking about gender-just reparations. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 10(1), 108-125.

200+ Faith Leaders Issue Letter to President Biden to Establish Reparations Commission
by Executive Order (nationalcouncilofchurches.us)

2021 UNODC, UNOCT and IPU Develop Model Legal Provisions to Strengthen Comprehensive National Assistance Plans for Victims of Terrorism

2022 UN General Assembly resolution, Model Legislative Provisions for Victims of Terrorism, To Support The Needs and Protect The Rights of Victims of Terrorism.

Model Legislative Provisions for Victims of Terrorism

https://www.un.org/victimsofterrorism/en

Montana First Judicial District Court Lewis and Clark County

The Senate added a provision in the annual defense policy bill to aid victims of radioactive nuclear material

Towards Meaningful Accountability for Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Linked to Terrorism

United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Handbook on Justice for Victims on the Use and Application of the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, UN Doc. E/CN.15/1998/CRP.4/Add.1.

WHEN WILL CONGOLESE “GENOCOST” VICTIMS RECEIVE REPARATIONS?

Women This Week: South Korean Court Rules in Favor of ‘Comfort Women’

Veterans join Pacific Islanders in bid for nuclear testing compensation

Youth and Civil Society Launch Climate Justice Handbook for the ICJ Advisory Opinion Proceedings on Climate Change 2023.

The right to truth:

H.Con.Res.44 – Urging the establishment of a United States Commission on Truth, Racial Healing, and Transformation

Karnvas, M. G., (May, 2022). REMEDYING VICTIMS OF KHMER ROUGE CRIMES WITH SUSTAINABLE HEALTHCARE THROUGH REPARATIONS OR TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE PRINCIPLES.

Holocaust Survivors Will Continue to Receive Additional One-Time Payments from the German Government Until 2027 As a Result of Claims Conference Negotiations

How to give future humans a voice in government

Klinkner, M., & Davis, H., The Right to the Truth in International Law: Victims’ Rights in Human Rights and International Criminal Law(Routledge, 2019), https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315659787;

S.Con.Res.19 – A concurrent resolution urging the establishment of a United States Commission on Truth, Racial Healing, and Transformation.

Statement by Prosecutor Karim A. A. Khan KC on the issuance of arrest warrants against President Vladimir Putin and Ms Maria Lvova-Belova https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-prosecutor-karim-khan-kc-issuance-arrest-warrants-against-president-vladimir-putin

United Nations: The Administration of Justice and The Human Rights of Detainees’, Revised Final Report Prepared by Mr. Joinet pursuant to Sub- Commission decision 1996/ 119, UN Doc. E/ CN.4/ Sub.2/ 1997/ 20/ Rev.1 (1997).

Selected jurisprudence of the ICC:

Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, Trial Chamber I, Decision Establishing the Principles and Procedure to be applied in Reparations, ICC-01/04-01/06-2904, 7 August 2012; id., Appeals Chamber, Judgement on the appeals against Trial Chamber II’s Decision Setting the Size of the Reparations Award for which Thomas Lubanga is Liable, ICC-01/04-01/06-3466, 18 July 2019.

Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, Trial Chamber II, Order for Reparations pursuant to Article 75 of the Statute, ICC-01/04-01/07-3728, 24 March 2017; id., Appeals Chamber, Confidential Judgment on the appeals against the order of Trial Chamber II of 24 March 2017 entitled ‘Order for Reparations pursuant to Article 75 of the Statute’, ICC-01/04-01/07-3778 [redacted], 8 March 2018; id., Trust Fund for Victims, Draft Implementation plan relevant to Trial Chamber II’s order for reparations of 24 March 2017, ICC-01/04-01/07-3751-Conf, 25 July 2017.

Prosecutor v. Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi, Trial Chamber VIII, Reparations Order, ICC-01/12-01/15-236, 17 August 2017; id., Appeals Chamber, Judgement on the appeal of the victims against the “Reparations Order”, ICC-01/12-01/15-259, 8 March 2018.

The Surprisingly Progressive Promises of General Order No. 3, Which Ended Slavery in Texas

War Reparations: The Case for Countermeasures

ICC Slavery Crimes Policy – Hague Girls The Podcas

https://open.spotify.com/episode/1LIxama8SK8Po53BCYgRXb?si=P4HUwZ1kT3qHkKMxIuibJQ

DISSEMINATION RESOURCES

A guide for the participation of victims in the proceedings of the ICC

Before the International Criminal Court. A Manual for legal representatives

EU Victims Rights Directive (EU Law) – EUR-Lex – 32012L0029 – EN – EUR-Lex (europa.eu)

CARICOM TEN POINT PLAN FOR REPARATORY JUSTICE

Committee on the Rights of the Child Closes Ninety-Third Session after Adopting Concluding Observations on Reports of Finland, France, Jordan, Sao Tome and Principe, Türkiye and the United Kingdom, 26 May 2023

Children Have a Right to Sue Nations Over Climate, U.N. Panel Says

Could the Lafarge Settlement provide Reparations for Victims of ISIL?

ICC: Representing Victims – OPCV MANUAL April 2019 EN Fifth Edition_FINAL.indd (icc-cpi.int)

https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/office-prosecutor-launches-public-principles-advance-understanding-crime-gender-persecution

UN Handbook on Justice for Victims (Int. Law) Victims (unodc.org)

Victims before the International Criminal Court VPRS_Victim-s_booklet.pdf (icc-cpi.int)

Victim Rights (justice.gov) – US Department of Justice compendium on victims (US Law)

https://www.impunitywatch.org/iraq-victims-unveil-first-memorial-disappeared-news/

DRC: ELIMINATION OF COURT FEES – A MAJOR STEP FORWARD FOR VICTIMS OF SERIOUS CRIMES

https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/drc-elimination-of-court-fees-a-major-step-forward-for-victims-of-serious-crimes/

Links to the Nuhanovic Foundation Center for War Reparation website materials:

http://www.nuhanovicfoundation.org/en/legal-instruments/

http://www.nuhanovicfoundation.org/en/reports/

http://www.nuhanovicfoundation.org/en/articles/

http://www.nuhanovicfoundation.org/en/books/

https://www.nuhanovicfoundation.org/pages/litigation-support/international-humanitarian-law-violations-in-syria

Declaration of the World Nuclear Victims Forum in Hiroshima …

www.fwrs.info/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/WNVF…

Declaration of the World Nuclear Victims Forum in Hiroshima (Draft Elements of a Charter of World Nuclear Victims’ Rights) November 23, 2015 1. We, participants in the World Nuclear Victims Forum, gathered in Hiroshima from November 21 to 23 in 2015, 70 years after the atomic bombings by the US government. 2.

World Nuclear Victims Forum in Hiroshima closed with …

fukushimaontheglobe.com/citizens_movement/4573.html

After 3 days session, the forum adopted “Declaration of the World Nuclear Victims Forum in Hiroshima,” which includes the draft elements of a charter of World Nuclear Victims’ Rights. The forum also issued “Fukushima Special Appeal” ahead of the 5th anniversary of the nuclear accident in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant.

Japan and IAEA risk Fukushima victims’ lives with forced return

theecologist.org/2015/jul/29/japan-and-iaea-risk…

A massive decontamination exercise is under way in Iitate Village near Fukushima, writes Kendra Ulrich: step one in a plan to force 6,000 residents back into the evacuated zone in 2017. But as radiation levels remain stubbornly high, it looks like the real plan is to ‘normalize’ nuclear catastrophe, while making Iitate residents nuclear victims twice over – and this time, it’s deliberate.

Publications

Developments since the 2013 UNSCEAR Report on the levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the nuclear accident following the great east-Japan earthquake and tsunami. The 2015 White Paper to guide the Scientific Committee’s future programme of work (available in English and Japanese). 2015 White Paper English

www.unscear.org/unscear/publications.html

Assuring destruction forever: 2022 edition

This updated study explores the ongoing and planned nuclear weapon modernisation programmes in China, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, France, India, Israel, Pakistan, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Publications/modernization/assuring-destruction-forever-2022.pdf

How a Nineteenth Century Indian Treaty Stopped a Twenty-First Century Megabomb

https://law.unlv.edu/nevada-law-journal/vol9/how-nineteenth-century-indian-treaty-stopped-twenty-first-century-megabomb-1104

Istanbul Protocol

https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/publications/2022-06-29/Istanbul-Protocol_Rev2_EN.pdf

The nuclear weapon ban treaty: a resource guide for WILPF

Reaching Critical Will is pleased to have published a new resource guide for the WILPF network about the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.

A New Perspective on Slavery Reparations

Abducted as babies in the 1970s, these Argentines found a way toward their true identity

https://www.againstholocaustdistortion.org/protect-the-facts-toolkit

https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-russia-world-court-mh17-crimea-5f70f60d9f03e89ba91508fe82b25bfc

https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-russia-genocide-court-un-icj-c3f9cf7462cd85e73ab53aa9499093f4

https://bush.tamu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Creating-a-Rapid-Reaction-UN-Peace-Force.pdf

https://www.bjutijdschriften.nl/tijdschrift/rechtsfilosofieentheorie/2023/2/NJLP_2213-0713_2023_052_002_005

https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/13/americas/guatemala-genocide-trial-maya-ixil-indigenous-intl-latam?cid=ios_app

https://theconversation.com/ireland-at-the-crossroads-can-the-ancient-brehon-laws-guide-the-republic-away-from-anti-immigrant-sentiment-226673

https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-03-11-farmer-on-horseback-riding-from-zimbabwe-to-windhoek-for-reinstatement-of-the-sadc-tribunal/

https://www.ejiltalk.org/inter-generational-equity-future-generations-and-democracy-in-the-european-court-of-human-rights-klimaseniorinnen-decision/

https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2023-12/2023-policy-gender-en-web.pdf

Transitional and Climate Justice: New Opportunities for Justice in Transition

https://reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/nuclear-weapon-ban/documents/TPNW.pdf

https://amp-theguardian-com.cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/amp.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/dec/12/gaza-ukraine-universal-declaration-of-human-rights

https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1023&context=gsp

https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240224-tchad-l-indemnisation-des-victimes-de-hiss%C3%A8ne-habr%C3%A9-a-commenc%C3%A9

https://harvest.usask.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/63493d4d-bcbc-4070-8ab9-10149fef73e5/content

https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-office-prosecutor-conclusion-deputy-prosecutor-mame-mandiaye-niangs-official-0

https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/182/182-20240202-jud-01-00-en.pdf

https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/4741-international-humanitarian-law-and-gender-perspective-planning-and-conduct-military

https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/ongwen-case-icc-trial-chamber-ix-orders-reparations-victims

https://www.impunitywatch.org/iraq-victims-unveil-first-memorial-disappeared-news/

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-yazidi-islamic-state-islam-ankara-b2515637.html

https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-790204?utm_source=jpost.app.apple&utm_medium=share

https://jurfem.com.ua/en/resume-of-the-conference-restoration-of-conflict-related-sexual-violence-survivors-rights-an-element-of-peace-and-global-world-security/

https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/128634-paraguay-policeman-gets-30-year-sentence-for-dictatorship-torture.html

https://www.linkedin.com/posts/gaamac_transformative-impunity-activity-7143948697544904704-n0lt?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_ios

https://www.linkedin.com/posts/christine-dunn-a976b08_a-police-officer-took-a-teen-for-a-rape-kit-activity-7174102235608403968-AzzQ?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_ios

https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/need-convention-crimes-against-humanity

https://narf.org/vacate_repsis/

https://nonstatetorture.org/

https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/paige-tutemahurangi-death-jury-finds-hamilton-man-richard-coburn-guilty-of-manslaughter/ODFQYKYBMJDEXMSWOJCDUJRVBU/

https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/04/uk-airlines-and-aviation-authorities-should-not-facilitate-unlawful-removals

https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/issues/terrorism/sr/activities/UNODC-human-rights-day-message-20231211.pdf

Ongwen case: ICC Trial Chamber IX orders reparations for victims

https://www.openglobalrights.org/criminalization-human-rights/

https://opiniojuris.org/2024/04/06/about-time-statutory-limitations-and-crimes-against-humanity/

https://opiniojuris.org/2024/03/12/by-practioners-for-practitioner-abas-icl-best-practice-project-publishes-guidance-on-judgment-drafting/

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3530588

https://phrg.padovauniversitypress.it/2024/aof/5

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378939314_Understanding_the_Relation_Between_Agency_and_Communion_and_Victim_Impact_Statements

https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Sentencing-Policy-2023-ENG.pdf

https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/UJAR-2024_digital.pdf

https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/republika-srpska-to-include-war-torture-victims-in-medical-rehabilitation-efforts/

https://icmglt.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Psych.Eval_.Therapeutic.pdf

https://www.ismllw-it.org/pubblicazioni/#flipbook-df_8475/1/

https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-795278?utm_source=jpost.app.apple&utm_medium=share

https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-releases-report-its-critical-incident-review-response-mass-shooting-robb

https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/129123-gambia-truth-commission-findings-shaped-sonko-trial.html

https://narf.org/2021-montana-voter-laws/

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/30/world/africa/khaled-nezzar-dead.html?unlocked_article_code=1.R00.Q97V.nTEr36C1H1KO&bgrp=a&smid=url-share

https://opiniojuris.org/2024/02/26/more-evidence-of-states-agreeing-that-there-are-some-limits-under-international-law-to-the-veto-power-of-the-permanent-members-of-the-un-security-council/

https://phr.org/our-work/resources/endless-nightmare-solitary-confinement-in-us-immigration-detention/

https://phrg.padovauniversitypress.it/2024/aof/5

The Significance of Justice in the Psychotherapeutic Treatment of Traumatized People After War and Crises – PubMed

https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/universal-jurisdiction-annual-review-highlights-in-2023/

https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/sites/www.un.org.securitycouncil.ctc/files/un_cted_-_cso_perspectives_on_sgbv_linked_to_terrorism_-_april_2024.pdf

https://www.unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/UNODC_Handbook_on_Justice_for_victims.pdf

https://www.unitad.un.org/news/triumph-accountability-efforts-how-iraq-and-unitad-supported-portugal%E2%80%99s-first-conviction

https://victimsofcrimecommissioner.vic.gov.au/media/lpufjx5h/silenced-and-sidelined_systemic-inquiry-into-victim-participation.pdf

https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1j/k1jxhve71k

https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1d/k1dl6hrqio

https://www.zerotothree.org/resource/distillation/what-does-trauma-do-to-a-babys-brain/

Unspeakable suffering: the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons

This publication examines the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons and is aimed for civil society actors, academics, and governments that are interested in approaching weapons negotiations with a humanitarian lens.

humanitarian-impact-nuclear-weapons-2nd-edition.pdf (reachingcriticalwill.org)